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Key Research and Statistics

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Research in the field of eating disorders is in its infancy. Statistics often vary and sometimes seem contradictory, reflecting the need for more work and larger studies upon which to base prevalence rates and other relevant information. The following statistics provide a current snapshot of eating disorders, body image and associated issues.

Where possible we have tried to access Australian statistics.

An overview/snapshot of eating disorders today:

  • Findings from a Victorian Adolescent cohort study revealed 8.8% of female adolescents had an eating disorder. Close to 50% of those had high levels of depression and anxiety, especially those with bulimia.[i]

  • Eating disorders occur in both males and females before puberty, with the ratio of males to females  approximately 1:10 during adolescence and decreasing to 1:20 during young adulthood.[ii]

  • Younger adolescents tend to present with Anorexia, while older adolescents may present with either Bulimia or Anorexia.[iii]

  • Eating disorders can be considered to exist with in a spectrum, with 10-30% of patients crossing over between anorexic and bulimic tendencies during the course of their illness.[iv]

  • Sufferers typically deny they have an eating disorder.[v]

  • A study of 2000 girls by the Royal Children's Hospital in Melbourne found that an alarming one in 10 females aged 15 to 17 exhibited symptoms of a serious eating disorder. [vi]

  • 40% of people with anorexia nervosa are at risk of developing bulimia nervosa.[vii]

  • 92% of people with bulimia said that seeking help was entirely their own choice whereas only 19% of people with anorexia agreed.[viii]

  • Beyond Stereotypes, a 2005 study commissioned by Dove, surveyed 3,300 girls and women between the ages of 15 and 64 in 10 countries. They found that 90% of all women aged 15 to 64 worldwide want to change at least one aspect of their physical appearance, with body weight ranking the highest. [ix]

  • According to the National Eating Disorder Association, in the United States, eating disorders are more common than Alzheimer's disease (5-10 million people have eating disorders compared to 4 million with Alzheimer's disease). [x]

  • A poll by the Argentine Association to Fight Bulimia and Anorexia (ALUBA) indicated that of the 90,000 teenage girls between the ages 14-18 who participated, 1 in 10 suffer from an eating disorder. It is also estimated that eating disorder rates in Argentina are 3 times the amount in the United States. [xi]

  • According to a 1998 Newspoll Study, 1 in 20 Australian women admitted to having suffered from an eating disorder while 1 in 4 individuals know someone who has an eating disorder. [xii]

  • In 1998, 38 months after television first came to Nadroga, Fiji, 15% of girls, aged 17 on the average, admitted to vomiting to control weight. 74% of girls reported feeling "too big and fat" at least sometimes. Fiji has only one TV channel, which broadcasts mostly American, Australian, and British programs. [xiii]

  • In Chile, it is estimated that 70,000 women between 14 and 30 years suffer from anorexia nervosa and that 350,000 Chilean women suffer from bulimia nervosa. [xiv]

 

Anorexia

  • Approximately one in 100 adolescent girls develops anorexia nervosa.[xv]

  • Anorexia Nervosa is the third most common chronic illness for adolescent girls in Australia (after obesity and asthma).[xvi]

  • One in ten young adults and approximately 25% of children diagnosed with anorexia nervosa are male.[xvii]

  • The overall mortality rate for anorexia is 5 times that of the same aged population in general, with death from natural causes being 4 times greater (ie cardiac arrhythmia, infection etc) and deaths from unnatural causes 11 times greater. Risk of successful suicide is particularly high being 32 times that expected.[xvii]

  • The onset of anorexia usually occurs during adolescents with a median age of 17.[xix]

  • The average duration is 7 years. Those who recover are unlikely to return to normal health.[xx]

  • Many sufferers develop chronic social problems, which can escalate to the extent experienced by schizophrenic patients.[xxi]

  • Morbidity includes osteoporosis, anovulation, dysthymia, obsessive compulsive disorder, and social isolation.[xxii]

  • Although 70% of patients regain weight within 6 months of onset of treatment, 15-25% of these relapse, usually within 2 years.[xxiii]

  • Follow-up studies suggest that under one-half have a good outcome (normal weight and eating and return of menses), a third intermediate and the remainder poor. [xxiv]

  • A one-in-five mortality rate at two decades follow-up indicates that patients chronically preoccupied with weight develop grave physical conditions. [xxv]

  • Indeed, the estimated mortality rate is 12 times that of similar aged women in the community and double that of women suffering other psychiatric disorders. Risk of suicide is high, being 1.5 times higher than for people with major depression. [xxvi]

 

Bulimia

  • The incidence of Bulimia Nervosa in the Australian population is 5 in 100. At least two studies have indicated that only about one tenth of the cases of bulimia in the community are detected.[xxvii]

  • It is common for people suffering from bulimia to keep their disorder hidden for 8-10 years, at great cost to their physical and psychological health.[xxviii]

  • 83% of bulimic patients vomit, 33% abuse laxatives, and 10% take diet pills.[xxix]

  • The mortality rate for bulimia nervosa is estimated to be up to 19%.[xxx]

  • 70% of individuals who undertake treatment for Bulimia Nervosa report a significant improvement in their symptoms.[xxxi]

  • People with bulimia may have had one or several suicide attempts and there is a high incidence of depression amongst bulimia sufferers.[xxxii]

  • Bulimia can become a means of coping with stressful situations, such as an unhappy relationship or a traumatic past event.[xxxiii]

  • In 2002 the prevalence in young Australian women was said to be 3-6%. [xxxiv]

  • Impulsivity and substance abuse is correlated with Bulimia. [xxxv]

 

 Binge Eating Disorder

  • Binge Eating disorder is characterised by recurrent binge eating without using compensatory measures such as vomiting, laxative abuse or excessive exercise to counter the binge.[xxxvi]

  • The prevalence of Binge Eating Disorder in the general population is estimated to be 4%.[xxxvii]

  • The incidence of Binge Eating Disorder in males and females is almost equal.[xxxviii]

  • The disorder often develops in late adolescents and early 20's. [xxxix]

  • People with binge eating disorder are at risk of developing a variety if different medical conditions including diabetes, high blood pressure and cholesterol levels, gallbladder disease, heart disease, and certain types of cancers.[xl]

  • Potential risk factors include obesity, being overweight as a child, strict dieting, and a history of depression, anxiety and low self esteem.[xli]

 Eating Disorders not otherwise specified (EDNOS)

  • The clinical diagnosis of eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS) has been said to represent the most common diagnosis made in outpatient settings but the one most ignored by researchers because of its status as a ''residual diagnosis'' in the DSM-IV, or a disorder of clinical severity where the diagnostic criteria of bulimia nervosa (BN) or anorexia nervosa (AN) are not met. [xlii]

 Risk Factors Developing an Eating Disorder

•Eating disorders may arise from a variety of different causes and while they sometimes begin with a preoccupation with food and weight they are often about much more than food.[xliii]

 Weight Loss Dieting

  • Research has shown that the traditional dieting approach of restricting both calories and food types shows poor results in achieving long-term weight loss. Within five years, many dieters regain any weight they lose and often end up heavier than when they began. They also tend to develop very unhealthy attitudes towards food and to lose their natural ability to recognise when they are hungry or full.[xliv]

  • Dieting is the greatest risk factor for the development of an eating disorder. 68% of 15 year old females are on a diet, of these, 8% are severely dieting. Adolescent girls who diet only moderately, are five times more likely to develop an eating disorder than those who don't diet, and those who diet severely are 18 time more likely to develop an eating disorder.[xlv]

  • Young Australian women who start dieting before the age of 15 are more likely to experience depression, binge eating, purging, and physical symptoms such as tiredness, low iron levels and menstrual irregularities.[xlvi]

  • Women who diet frequently (more than 5 times) are 75% more likely to experience depression.[xlvii]

  • A Victorian study of adolescents aged 12 to 17 years classified 38% of girls and 12% of boys as "intermediate" to "extreme" dieters (i.e., at risk of an eating disorder).[xlviii]

  • A Sydney study of adolescents aged 11 to 15 reported that 16% of the girls and 7% of the boys had already employed at least one potentially dangerous method of weight reduction, including starvation, vomiting and laxative abuse.[xlix]

  • 31% of young women surveyed between 18 and 23 reported that at some time they had at least experimented with unhealthy eating behaviours including making themselves purge, deliberately abusing laxatives or diuretics, or fasting for at least 24 hours in order to lose weight.[l]

  • Dieting to control weight in adolescence is not only ineffective, it may actually promote weight gain A study of adolescents showed that after 3 years of follow-up, regular adolescent dieters gained more weight than non-dieters.[li]

  • Adolescent females who diet at a severe level are 18 times more likely to develop an eating disorder than those who do not diet, and those who diet at a moderate level are five times more likely to develop an eating disorder. [lii]

  • Around two thirds of new cases of eating disorder arise in females who have dieted moderately.[liii]

  • The predominance of eating disorders in females is largely explained by the higher rates of earlier dieting and psychiatric morbidity.[liv]

  • Daily exercise seems to be a less risky strategy for controlling weight in adolescents.[lv]

  • High frequency dieting and early onset of dieting are associated with poorer physical and mental health, more disordered eating, extreme body dissatisfaction, and more frequent general health problems.[lvi]

 

Body image pressure on young people (a socio-cultural risk factor)

  • The Australian Longitudinal Study of Women's Health, which included 14,686 women aged 18-23 years, revealed 66.5% had a BMI within a healthy weight range, however only 21.6% of these women were happy with their weight.[lvii]

  • Low self esteem increases the chance of developing disordered eating.[lviii]

  • A recent survey of 600 Australian children found that increasingly, children are disturbed by the relentless pressure of marketing aimed at them. A large

  • majority (88%) believed that companies tried to sell them things that they do not really need.[lix]

  • A large number (41%) of children are specifically worried about the way they look with 35% concerned about being overweight (44% of girls and 27% of boys) and 16% being too skinny.[lx]

  • A 2007 Sydney University study of nearly 9,000 adolescents showed one in five teenage girls starved themselves or vomit up their food to control their weight. Eight per cent of girls used smoking for weight control.[lxi]

  • A recent survey of 29,000 young Australians found Body Image was the most concerning issue for young people (32.3%)[lxii]

  • The average child in the UK, US and Australia sees between 20,000 and 40,000 television advertisements per year. They are bombarded with images about how they should look and what they should own. Children struggle to keep up, suffering from anxiety, stress and lower satisfaction in themselves.[lxiii]

  • According to a 2006 study published in New York, obesity is associated with an 18% reduction in women's wages, a 25% reduction in women's family income, and a 16% reduction in women's probability of marriage. [lxiv]

  • According to a March 2007 AC Nielsen survey, 30% of Chinese use skin lightening products either weekly or daily, followed by 20% of Taiwanese and 18% of

  • Japanese and Hong Kongers. [lxv]

  • According to a 2003-2004 study of 600 women in Accra, Ghana, over 40 % of women surveyed had used skin bleaching products to lighten their skin. [lxvi]

  • In a 2006 AC Nielsen survey conducted to judge if current models were too thin, 94% of people in Norway, 92 % in New Zealand and Switzerland and 90 % in Australia said the models could do with more flesh. [lxvii]

  • In a 2006 AC Nielsen survey conducted to verify whether current models were too thin, 59% of Vietnamese and 63% of Indians seemed to think that current fashion models were emaciated. [lxviii]

  • Beyond Stereotypes, the 2005 study commissioned by Dove surveyed 3,300 girls and women between the ages of 15 and 64 in 10 countries. They found that 67% of all women 15 to 64 withdraw from life-engaging activities due to feeling badly about their looks. [lxix]

  • Beyond Stereotypes, a 2005 study commissioned by Dove, surveyed 3,300 girls and women between the ages of 15 and 64 in 10 countries. They found that 90% of all women aged 15 to 64 worldwide want to change at least one aspect of their physical appearance, with body weight ranking the highest. [lxx]

 

Hereditability /Personality

  • A twin study published in the American Journal of psychiatry found that genetic factors have a significant influence on the development of Anorexia nervosa , with an estimated  hereditability of 58%[lxxi]

  • Adolescents with Anorexia are usually high achievers and are often involved in a number of extracurricular activities such as tutoring, volunteer work and community leadership, as the driven focus required to successfully maintain an eating disorder extends to other areas of their lives. They tend to be perfectionists, have internalizing coping styles and obsessive behaviors, often with co morbid mood symptoms such as depression and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCO).[lxxii]

  • Patients with Bulimia have been described as having difficulties with impulse regulation.[lxxiii]

  • Anxiety disorders are significantly more frequent in people with eating disorders than the general community.[lxxiv]

  • High levels of psychiatric morbidity in females increase the risk of developing eating disorders by sevenfold.[lxxv]

  • More than half of anorexia sufferers have been sexually abused or experienced some other major trauma.[lxxvi]

  • The family dynamics commonly seen in families of teenagers with Anorexia include conflict avoidance, undue degrees of enmeshment with either parent or rigid or overprotective parenting.[lxxvii]

References:

An overview/snapshot of eating disorders today:

[i] Patton, GC, Coffey, C & Sawyer, SM 2003, 'The outcome of adolescent eating disorders: findings from the Victorian Adolescent Health Cohort Study', European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, vol. 12, pp. I/25-9.
[ii] Kohn, M & Golden, NH 2001, 'Eating disorders in children and adolescents: epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment', Paediatric Drugs, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 91-9.
[iii] Gonzalez, A, Kohn, MR & Clarke, SD 2007, 'Eating disorders in adolescents', Australian Family Physician, vol. 36, no. 8, pp. 614-9.
[iv] Ibid.
[v] Hillege, S, Beale, B & McMaster, R 2006, 'Impact of eating disorders on family life: individual parents' stories', Journal of Clinical Nursing, vol. 15, no. 8, pp. 1016-22.
[vi] Royal Children's Hospital 2008, British Journal Of Psychiatry
[vii] Hamburg, P & Werne, J 1996, 'How long is long-term therapy for anorexia nervosa?' in Treating eating disorders., Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA, US, pp. 71-99.
[viii] Gaskill, D & Sanders, F 2000, 'The Encultured Body: Policy Implications for healthy body image and distortedeating behavious school nursing, Faculty of Health Queensland University of Technology.
[ix] Beyond Stereotypes, a 2005 study commissioned by Dove, http://www.campaignforrealbeauty.ph/flat3.asp?id=7089
[x] National Eating Disorder Association http://www.edap.org/p.asp?WebPage_ID=286&Profile_ID=95634
[xi]The Renfrew Center Foundation for Eating Disorders, "Eating Disorders 101 Guide: A Summary of Issues, Statistics and Resources," published September 2002, revised October 2003
[xii] Newspoll Study: Poll shows brekky skippers abound, The Australian, 28 February, 1998
[xiii]1999 study published by Anne Becker, director of research at the Harvard Eating Disorders Center, http://archives.focus.hms.harvard.edu/1998/Nov27_1998/eat.html
[xiv] The Renfrew Center Foundation for Eating Disorders, "Eating Disorders 101 Guide: A Summary of Issues, Statistics and Resources," published September 2002, revised October 2003

Anorexia

[xv] Eating Disorders, 1994, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH Publication No 94-3477.
[xvi] Beumont, P, 2000, The encultured body: Policy implications for healthy body image and distorted eating behaviours school nursing, Faculty of Health Queensland University of Technology.
[xvii] Paxton, S 1998, 'Do men get eating disorders?' Everybody Newsletter of Body image and Health Inc., p. 41.
[xviii] Beumont, PJV & Touyz, SW 2003, 'What kind of illness is anorexia nervosa?' European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, vol. 12, pp. I/20-4.
[xix] Steiner, H, Kwan, W, Shaffer, TG, Walker, S, Miller, S, Sagar, A & Lock, J Ibid.'Risk and protective factors for juvenile eating disorders', vol. 12 Suppl 1, pp. I38-6.
[xx] Beumont, PJV & Touyz, SW Ibid. 'What kind of illness is anorexia nervosa?' vol. 12, pp. I/20-4.
[xxi] Ibid.
[xxii] Hillege, S, Beale, B & McMaster, R 2006, 'Impact of eating disorders on family life: individual parents' stories', Journal of Clinical Nursing, vol. 15, no. 8, pp. 1016-22.
[xviii] Hay, P 2004, 'Australian and New Zealand clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of anorexia nervosa', Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 38, no. 9, pp. 659-70.
[xxiv] Hamburg, P & Werne, J 1996, 'How long is long-term therapy for anorexia nervosa?' in Treating eating disorders., Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA, US, pp. 71-99.
[xxv] Gaskill, D & Sanders, F 2000, The Encultured body: Policy implications for healthy body image and distorted eating behavious school nursing, Faculty of Health Queensland University of Technology.
[xxvi] Understanding Eating Disorders, 1997, The Eating Disorders Association Resource Centre.

Bulimia

[xxvii] Sullivan, PF 1995, 'Mortality in anorexia nervosa', The American Journal Of Psychiatry, vol. 152, no. 7, pp. 1073-4.
[xxviii] Understanding Eating Disorders, 1997, The Eating Disorders Association Resource Centre.
[xxix] Cooke, K 1997, Real Gorgeous, Allen & Unwin, Sydney.
[xxx] Grotheus, K 1998, 'Eating Disorders and adolescents: an overview of maladaptive behaviour', Journal of child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 146-56.
[xxxi] Management of Mental Disorders, 1997, World Health Organisation, Darlinghurst.
[xxxii] Edelstein, CK, Haskew, P & Kramer, JP 1989, 'Early clues to anorexia and bulimia', Patient Care, vol. 23, no. 13, p. 155.
[xxxiii] Lindberg, L & Hjern, A 2003, 'Risk factors for anorexia nervosa: a national cohort study', International Journal of Eating Disorders, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 397-408.
[xxxiv] Ibid.
[xxxv] Ibid.

Binge Eating Disorder

[xxxvi] Eating Disorders and Binge Eating Information Sheet, 2006, The Eating Disorders Foundation of Victoria
[xxxvii] Wilfley, DE, Agras, WS, Telch, CF, Rossiter, EM, Schneider, JA, Cole, AG, Sifford, L & Raeburn, SD 1993, 'Group cognitive-behavioral therapy and group interpersonal psychotherapy for the nonpurging bulimic individual: A controlled comparison', Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 296-305.
[xxxviii] Paxton, S 1998, 'Do men get eating disorders?' Everybody Newsletter of Body image and Health Inc., p. 41.
[xxxix] The Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health, 1996, Universities of Newcastle and Queensland.
[xl] Eating Disorders and Binge Eating Information Sheet, 2006, The Eating Disorders Foundation of Victoria
[xli] Ibid.

Eating Disorders not otherwise specified (EDNOS)

[xlii] Wade, TD 2007, 'A retrospective comparison of purging type disorders: eating disorder not otherwise specified and bulimia nervosa', International Journal of Eating Disorders, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 1-6.

Risk Factors Developing an Eating Disorder

[xliii] CEED 2008, 'What is an eating disorder?' retrieved 7 August, database.

Weight Loss Dieting

[xliv] Katzer, L, Bradshaw, A, Horwath, C, Gray, A, O'Brien, S & Joyce, J 2008, 'Evaluation of 'non-dieting', stress reduction program for overweight women: a randomised trial', American Journal of Health Promotion, vol. 22, pp. 264-74.
[xlv] Patton, GC, Selzer, R, Coffey, C, Carlin, JB & Wolfe, R 1999, 'Onset of adolescent eating disorders: population based cohort study over 3 years', BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), vol. 318, no. 7186, pp. 765-8.
[xlvi] Lee, C 2001, Women's Health Australia: What do we do? What do we need to know?: Progress on the Australian Longitudinal Study of Women's Health 1995-2000, Australian Academic Press Pty Ltd., Brisbane.
[xlvii] Kenardy, J, Brown, WJ & Vogt, E 2001, 'Dieting and health in young Australian women', European Eating Disorders Review, vol. 9, no. 4, p. 242.
[xlviii] Patton, GC, Carlin, JB, Shao, Q, Hibbert, ME, Rosier, M, Selzer, R & Bowes, G 1997, 'Adolescent dieting: healthy weight control or borderline eating disorder?' Journal Of Child Psychology And Psychiatry, And Allied Disciplines, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 299-306.
[xlix] O'Dea, JA & Abraham, S 1996, 'Food habits, body image and weight control practices of young male and female adolescents', Australian Journal of Nutrition & Dietetics, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 32-.
[l] Brown, W 1998, 'Is life a party for young women?' ACHPER Healthy Lifestyles Journal, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 21-6.
[li] Field, AE, Austin, SB, Taylor, CB, Malspeis, S, Rosner, B, Rockett, HR, Gillman, MW & Colditz, GA 2003, 'Relation between dieting and weight change among preadolescents and adolescents', Pediatrics, vol. 112, no. 4, pp. 900-6.
[lii] Patton, GC, Selzer, R, Coffey, C, Carlin, JB & Wolfe, R 1999, 'Onset of adolescent eating disorders: population based cohort study over 3 years', BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), vol. 318, no. 7186, pp. 765-8.
[liii] Ibid.
[liv] Ibid.
[lv] Ibid.
[lvi] Kenardy, J, Brown, WJ & Vogt, E 2001, 'Dieting and health in young Australian women', European Eating Disorders Review, vol. 9, no. 4, p. 242.

Body image pressure on young people (a socio-cultural risk factor)

[lvii] Ibid.
[lviii] Button, EJ, Loan, P, Davies, J & Sonuga-Barke, EJS 1997, 'Self-esteem, eating problems, and psychological well-being in a cohort of schoolgirls aged 15-16: a questionnaire and interview study', International Journal of Eating Disorders, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 39-47.
[lix] Tucci, J, Mitchell, J & Goddard, C 2007, Modern Children in Australia, Australian Childhood Foundation, Melbourne.
[lx] Ibid.
[lxi] O'Dea, JA 2007, Everybody's different, ACER Press.
[lxii] National Survey of Young Australians 2007, 2007, Mission Australia.
[lxiii] Williams, Z 2006, The Commercialisation of Children, Compass, London.
[lxiv] Gender, Body Mass and Socioeconomic Status - New Evidence from the PSID, 2006, http://homepages.nyu.edu/~dc66/gender_bmi.pdf
[lxv] Health, Beauty and Personal Grooming: a global Nielsen consumer report, surveying 25,408 Internet users in 46 markets, http://pt.nielsen.com/documents/0705_PersonalGrooming.pdf
[lxvi] Skin Bleaching in Independent Ghana: The Visuality of Self-Commodification - Kathleen Robinson, 2003-2004, http://www.uwc.ac.za/usrfiles/importcms/gen11Srv7Nme54_5269_1210050482/robinson.doc
[lxvii] The 2006 Nielsen company survey, covering 25000 respondents in 45 countries,
[lxviii] The 2006 Nielsen company survey, covering 25000 respondents in 45 countries,
[lxix] Beyond Stereotypes, a 2005 study commissioned by Dove
[lxx] Beyond Stereotypes, a 2005 study commissioned by Dove

Hereditability

[lxxi] Wade, TD, Bulik, CM, Neale, M & Kendler, KS 2000, 'Anorexia nervosa and major depression: shared genetic and environmental risk factors', American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 157, no. 3, pp. 469-71.
[lxxii] Gonzalez, A, Kohn, MR & Clarke, SD 2007, 'Eating disorders in adolescents', Australian Family Physician, vol. 36, no. 8, pp. 614-9.
[lxxiii] Kohn, M & Golden, NH 2001, 'Eating disorders in children and adolescents: epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment', Paediatric Drugs, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 91-9.
[lxxiv] Patton, GC, Selzer, R, Coffey, C, Carlin, JB & Wolfe, R 1999, 'Onset of adolescent eating disorders: population based cohort study over 3 years', BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), vol. 318, no. 7186, pp. 765-8.
[lxxv] Ibid.
[lxxvi] Kildey, L 1998, 'Anorexia Submits to a cheaper cure', Sydney Morning Herald, July 23, p. 17.
[lxxvii] Gonzalez, A, Kohn, MR & Clarke, SD 2007, 'Eating disorders in adolescents', Australian Family Physician, vol. 36, no. 8, pp. 614-9

 

Last revision date: Friday, 16 March 2012 11:20

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